KPV

KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is a naturally occurring tripeptide corresponding to the C-terminal fragment (residues 11-13) of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Research has demonstrated that this minimal C-terminal sequence retains the anti-inflammatory signaling properties of the full-length α-MSH without melanocortin receptor binding, suggesting a distinct mechanism of action.

KPV has a molecular weight of 358.43 g/mol, making it one of the smallest bioactive peptide fragments studied. Despite lacking the pharmacophore required for melanocortin receptor (MC1R-MC5R) binding, KPV retains anti-inflammatory signaling activity, suggesting a receptor-independent mechanism possibly involving direct NF-κB pathway interaction.

• Inflammatory bowel research: Studies examining KPV effects in colitis models, including oral and nanoparticle-mediated delivery (Dalmasso et al., 2008).
• NF-κB pathway: Research on KPV's interaction with inflammatory transcription factor signaling.
• Dermatological research: Studies examining anti-inflammatory effects in skin cell models.
• Gut epithelial biology: Research on KPV's effects on intestinal epithelial barrier function and permeability.

• NF-κB pathway inhibition (IκBα stabilization)
• IL-10 upregulation in monocyte/macrophage models
• TNF-α and IL-8 suppression in inflammatory models
• Melanocortin-independent anti-inflammatory signaling
• PepT1 transporter-mediated intestinal absorption

Key preclinical findings:

Dalmasso et al. (2008, Gastroenterology): KPV at 12.5 mg/kg/day (oral, nanoparticle-encapsulated) significantly reduced colonic inflammation in murine DSS colitis model. Reduced TNF-α by 65% and IL-6 by 58%. Identified PepT1-mediated intestinal uptake.

Brzoska et al. (2008): KPV at 1-100 µM inhibited NF-κBactivation in human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and monocytes. IC50 for NF-κB inhibition: ~10 µM. Importantly, KPV did NOT bind melanocortin receptors (MC1R-MC5R), confirming receptor-independent mechanism.

Getting et al. (2006): KPV reduced IL-8 secretion by 50% in TNF-α-stimulated human intestinal epithelial cells at 10 µM concentration.

Typical in vitro concentrations: 1-100 µM. In vivo: 5-15 mg/kg (oral or IP).

All findings from animal or in vitro studies.

Form: Lyophilized powder, 5mg per vial
Appearance: White powder
Molecular Weight: 358.43 g/mol
For In Vitro Research Use Only

Laboratory Preparation:
Add sterile diluent to vial. Dissolves rapidly.

Solubility Profile: Freely soluble in water (>100 mg/mL), DMSO, ethanol.

Stability: Lyophilized stable 24 months at -20°C. Solution: 30 days at 2-8°C.

Analytical Testing: HPLC, ESI-MS, LAL endotoxin, USP sterility.

This product is for laboratory and in vitro research only. Not for human or animal use.

This content was prepared for informational purposes based on published preclinical research. It does not constitute medical advice or product efficacy claims.

1. 1
   Dalmasso G, et al. "PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation." Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-78. PubMed: 18061177 PubMed
2. 2
   Brzoska T, et al. "Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects." Endocr Rev. 2008;29(5):581-602. PubMed: 18612139 PubMed
3. 3
   Getting SJ, et al. "Molecular determinants of the anti-inflammatory function of the neuropeptide alpha-MSH." J Leukoc Biol. 2006;80(1):1-8. PubMed: 16698943 PubMed