Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol antioxidant in mammalian cells, present at millimolar concentrations (1-10 mM) in most cell types. This tripeptide (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) serves as the primary cellular defense against oxidative stress and is essential for xenobiotic detoxification through glutathione S-transferase conjugation reactions.
Biochemical Characteristics
Specifications
Sequence
gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys-Gly
Molecular Formula
C10H17N3O6S
Molecular Weight
307.32 g/mol
CAS Number
70-18-8
Glutathione has a molecular weight of 307.32 g/mol. Its distinctive gamma-peptide bond (linking glutamate to cysteine via the gamma-carboxyl group rather than the alpha-carboxyl group) confers resistance to most intracellular peptidases, enabling its accumulation at high concentrations.
The cysteine thiol (-SH) group is the functional moiety responsible for antioxidant activity. GSH exists in reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms, with the GSH:GSSG ratio serving as a key indicator of cellular redox status.
Research Applications
• Oxidative stress: Studies on GSH depletion models and their effects on cellular viability and function.
• Detoxification: Research on glutathione S-transferase conjugation reactions and Phase II metabolism.
• Redox biology: Studies examining GSH:GSSG ratio as a biomarker of cellular health.
• Immune function: Research on GSH's role in lymphocyte proliferation and NK cell activity.
Meister (1991) established glutathione's central role in cellular antioxidant defense and xenobiotic detoxification in extensive biochemical studies.
Richie et al. (2015) demonstrated that glutathione supplementation in clinical studies could increase blood GSH levels and reduce oxidative stress markers.
Glutathione research spans over 100 years with thousands of publications.
Form & Analytical Testing
Form: Crystalline powder, 500mg per vial
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Molecular Weight: 307.32 g/mol
For In Vitro Research Use Only
Laboratory Preparation:
Dissolve in sterile water or buffer. GSH oxidizes rapidly to GSSG in air.
Solubility Profile: Freely soluble in water (~50 mg/mL).
Stability: CRITICAL — Store powder under nitrogen/argon at -20°C. Solutions oxidize within hours at room temperature. Prepare fresh.
For reduced form verification: Ellman's reagent (DTNB) thiol assay.
This product is for laboratory and in vitro research only. Not for human or animal use.
Article Author
DS
Article Author
Dr. Sarah Chen, Ph.D.
Biochemistry researcher specializing in redox biology and antioxidant systems.
This content was prepared for informational purposes based on published preclinical research. It does not constitute medical advice or product efficacy claims.
Citations
1
Meister A. "Glutathione deficiency produced by inhibition of its synthesis, and its reversal; applications in research and therapy." Pharmacol Ther. 1991;51(2):155-94. PubMed
2
Richie JP, et al. "Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione." Eur J Nutr. 2015;54(2):251-63. PubMed
RUO Disclaimer
ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Products are for in-vitro studies only. Not approved by the FDA. Bodily introduction strictly forbidden. These products are not drugs, supplements, food, or cosmetics and may not be acquired for such purposes.
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Powder: -20°C, desiccated, inert atmosphere
Solution: 2-8°C, use immediately
Shelf Life
24 months powder at -20°C under nitrogen
Solutions oxidize rapidly; prepare fresh
Handling
Store under nitrogen or argon to prevent oxidation.
GSH is susceptible to air oxidation to GSSG.
Protect from light.
Reconstitute immediately before use.
Frequently Asked Questions
Glutathione is verified at ≥99.5% purity via reverse-phase HPLC analysis. Each batch also undergoes ESI mass spectrometry for identity confirmation, LAL endotoxin testing (<0.1 EU/mg), and USP <71> sterility testing. A batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) is included with every order.
Add bacteriostatic water (0.9% benzyl alcohol) slowly to the vial wall. Gently swirl to dissolve — do not shake or vortex. Reconstituted peptide should be stored at 2-8°C and used within 30 days. For single-use applications, sterile water may be substituted (no preservative, use immediately).
Lyophilized (powder): Store at -20°C, protected from light and moisture. Shelf life: 24 months. Reconstituted (solution): Store at 2-8°C, use within 30 days. Critical: Allow the vial to reach room temperature before opening to prevent moisture condensation inside the vial. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles (max 3 recommended).
The CAS registry number for Glutathione is 70-18-8. Molecular weight: 307.32 g/mol. Molecular formula: C10H17N3O6S. Full chemical characterization data including PubChem identifiers, SMILES notation, and InChIKey are available on the Chemical Properties tab above.
Yes. Every batch of Glutathione is independently tested by Janssen Analytical Laboratories (ISO 17025-accredited). Testing includes HPLC purity analysis, mass spectrometry identity confirmation, LAL kinetic turbidimetric endotoxin assay, and USP <71> sterility testing. Full results are provided in the batch-specific COA. Additional documentation is available on the COA/HPLC/MS and 3rd Party Testing tabs above.
Orders placed before 2:00 PM EST ship same day via cold-chain logistics with gel ice packs to maintain product integrity during transit. Most domestic orders arrive within 2-4 business days. Full tracking is provided. All vials are sealed under inert atmosphere and packaged to prevent damage.
Yes. Tiered pricing is applied automatically at checkout: 2+ units at 10% off, 3+ units at 15% off, and 5+ units at 20% off. For institutional or bulk research inquiries (10+ vials), contact us at contact@aureumpeptides.com for custom pricing.
Compatibility depends on your specific experimental design. Glutathione is provided as a single-compound lyophilized preparation for maximum flexibility. When using multiple compounds, reconstitute each separately and add to experimental systems independently to avoid potential interactions during reconstitution. Check the "Researchers Also Purchased" section below for commonly paired research compounds.
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Glutathione from Aureum Peptides is synthesized to ≥99% purity and verified by third-party HPLC analysis. A Certificate of Analysis (COA) is included with every order.
Is Glutathione intended for human use?+
No. Glutathione is sold strictly for in-vitro laboratory research purposes only. Not for human consumption, therapeutic use, or veterinary use. Purchase is limited to qualified researchers and research facilities.
How is Glutathione shipped and stored?+
Orders placed before 2:00 PM EST ship the same business day from our USA facility with cold-chain logistics. Upon arrival, store Glutathione lyophilized at -20°C for long-term stability, or at 4°C for short-term storage after reconstitution.
Do you provide a Certificate of Analysis?+
Yes. Every vial of Glutathione ships with a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis documenting identity (mass spectrometry), purity (HPLC), and appearance. COAs are also accessible via our online COA portal using the batch number on your vial.
Can I order Glutathione in bulk for institutional research?+
Yes. Aureum Peptides offers institutional wholesale pricing for universities, biotech R&D, and contract research organizations. Contact us for a quote and Net-30 payment terms after credit approval.
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